.. copy-and-pasted from.. vixra.org ... Nude Lana Lang (Nude Scarlett Johansson).. studies Quantums mechanics in the oil industry... $5... Cobb-Douglas function.. Neil Gaiman / Dave Mckean / Simone Bianchi poison ivy pamela isley angelina jolie monica bellucci... Cobb-Douglas function... $5...

Quantum Mechanics for Oil Industry With their current approach, energy companies can extract about 35 percent of the oil in each well. [36] An international team has shown that quantum computers can do one such analysis faster than classical computers for a wider array of data types than was previously expected. [35] A team of researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has demonstrated that it is possible to use cloud-based quantum computers to conduct quantum simulations and calculations. [34] Physicists have designed a new method for transmitting big quantum data across long distances that requires far fewer resources than previous methods, bringing the implementation of long-distance big quantum data transmission closer to reality. [33] A joint China-Austria team has performed quantum key distribution between the quantum-science satellite Micius and multiple ground stations located in Xinglong (near Beijing), Nanshan (near Urumqi), and Graz (near Vienna). [32] In the race to build a computer that mimics the massive computational power of the human brain, researchers are increasingly turning to memristors, which can vary their electrical resistance based on the memory of past activity. [31] Engineers worldwide have been developing alternative ways to provide greater memory storage capacity on even smaller computer chips. Previous research into twodimensional atomic sheets for memory storage has failed to uncover their potential— until now. [30] Scientists used spiraling X-rays at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) to observe, for the first time, a property that gives handedness to swirling electric patterns – dubbed polar vortices – in a synthetically layered material. [28] To build tomorrow's quantum computers, some researchers are turning to dark excitons, which are bound pairs of an electron and the absence of an electron called a hole. [27] Concerning the development of quantum memories for the realization of global quantum networks, scientists of the Quantum Dynamics Division led by Professor Gerhard Rempe at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ) have now achieved a major breakthrough: they demonstrated the long-lived storage of a photonic qubit on a single atom trapped in an optical resonator. [26] Achieving strong light-matter interaction at the quantum level has always been a central task in quantum physics since the emergence of quantum information and quantum control. [25] Operation at the single-photon level raises the possibility of developing entirely new communication and computing devices, ranging from hardware random number generators to quantum computers. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21] Engineers at Australia's University of New South Wales have invented a radical new architecture for quantum computing, based on novel 'flip-flop qubits', that promises to make the large-scale manufacture of quantum chips dramatically cheaper - and easier - than thought possible. [20] A team of researchers from the U.S. and Italy has built a quantum memory device that is approximately 1000 times smaller than similar devices— small enough to install on a chip. [19] The cutting edge of data storage research is working at the level of individual atoms and molecules, representing the ultimate limit of technological miniaturisation. [18] This is an important clue for our theoretical understanding of optically controlled magnetic data storage media. [17] A crystalline material that changes shape in response to light could form the heart of novel light-activated devices. [16] Now a team of Penn State electrical engineers have a way to simultaneously control diverse optical properties of dielectric waveguides by using a two-layer coating, each layer with a near zero thickness and weight. [15] Just like in normal road traffic, crossings are indispensable in optical signal processing. In order to avoid collisions, a clear traffic rule is required. A new method has now been developed at TU Wien to provide such a rule for light signals. [14] Researchers have developed a way to use commercial inkjet printers and readily available ink to print hidden images that are only visible when illuminated with appropriately polarized waves in the terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum. [13] That is, until now, thanks to the new solution devised at TU Wien: for the first time ever, permanent magnets can be produced using a 3D printer. This allows magnets to be produced in complex forms and precisely customised magnetic fields, required, for example, in magnetic sensors. [12] For physicists, loss of magnetisation in permanent magnets can be a real concern. In response, the Japanese company Sumitomo created the strongest available magnet— one offering ten times more magnetic energy than previous versions—in 1983. [11] New method of superstrong magnetic fields’ generation proposed by Russian scientists in collaboration with foreign colleagues. [10] By showing that a phenomenon dubbed the "inverse spin Hall effect" works in several organic semiconductors - including carbon-60 buckyballs - University of Utah physicists changed magnetic "spin current" into electric current. The efficiency of this new power conversion method isn't yet known, but it might find use in future electronic devices including batteries, solar cells and computers. [9] Researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the University of Cambridge in the UK have demonstrated that it is possible to directly generate an electric current in a magnetic material by rotating its magnetization. [8] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the electric current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron’s spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the changing relativistic mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Contents Preface ..............................................................................................................................6 Quantum mechanics work lets oil industry know promise of recovery experiments before they start............................................................................................................................7 Quantum algorithm could help AI think faster.....................................................................8 Cloud based quantum computing used to calculate nuclear binding energy.......................9 New quantum repeater paves the way for long-distance big quantum data transmission .10 Real-world intercontinental quantum communications enabled by the Micius satellite......11 Team takes a deep look at memristors ............................................................................14 Ultra-thin memory storage device paves way for more powerful computing .....................15 X-rays reveal chirality in swirling electric vortices .............................................................16 Using the dark side of excitons for quantum computing ...................................................19 Quantum memory with record-breaking capacity based on laser-cooled atoms ...............20 Long-lived storage of a photonic qubit for worldwide teleportation....................................21 Microcavity-engineered plasmonic resonances for strong lightmatter interaction .............23 Physicists develop new design for fast, single-photon guns .............................................24 Graphene single photon detectors ...................................................................................26 Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments...............26 New tool for characterizing quantum simulators ...............................................................27 A collaborative effort.....................................................................................................28 More efficient measurements .......................................................................................28 New gold standard........................................................................................................29 Flip-flop qubits: Radical new quantum computing design invented...................................29 New quantum memory device small enough to fit on a chip.............................................31 How to store data on magnets the size of a single atom ..................................................32 The quest for atomic magnets ......................................................................................33 Raising the temperature ...............................................................................................33 Future uses ..................................................................................................................34 Optical control of magnetic memory—New insights into fundamental mechanisms..........34 Making precise measurements in tiny laser spots.........................................................34 The crucial thing occurs in the boundary ring................................................................35 Surprising influence of the layer thickness....................................................................35 Photosensitive perovskites change shape when exposed to light ....................................35 Conformal metasurface coating eliminates crosstalk and shrinks waveguides .................36 A nano-roundabout for light..............................................................................................37 Signal processing using light instead of electronics ......................................................38 Two glass fibers and a bottle for light ...........................................................................38 Researchers create hidden images with commercial inkjet printers..................................39 For the first time, magnets are be made with a 3-D printer...............................................41 Designed on a computer ..............................................................................................41 Tiny magnetic particles in the polymer matrix ...............................................................41 A whole world of new possibilities.................................................................................42 New method to make permanent magnets more stable over time....................................42 New method for generating superstrong magnetic fields..................................................43 Inverse spin Hall effect: A new way to get electricity from magnetism ..............................44 A new way to get electricity from magnetism ................................................................44 From spin current to electric current .............................................................................45 New electron spin secrets revealed: Discovery of a novel link between magnetism and electricity..........................................................................................................................45 Simple Experiment...........................................................................................................46 Uniformly accelerated electrons of the steady current......................................................47 Magnetic effect of the decreasing U electric potential.......................................................48 The work done on the charge and the Hamilton Principle.............................................50 The Magnetic Vector Potential......................................................................................50 The Constant Force of the Magnetic Vector Potential...................................................51 Electromagnetic four-potential ......................................................................................51 Magnetic induction ...........................................................................................................51 Lorentz transformation of the Special Relativity................................................................52 Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation......................................................................................53 Wave – Particle Duality ....................................................................................................53 Atomic model ...................................................................................................................53 Fermions' spin..................................................................................................................54 Fine structure constant.....................................................................................................54 Planck Distribution Law....................................................................................................55 Electromagnetic inertia and Gravitational attraction .........................................................55 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................56 References ......................................................................................................................56 Author: George Rajna Preface Surprisingly nobody found strange that by theory the electrons are moving with a constant velocity in the stationary electric current, although there is an accelerating force F = q E, imposed by the E electric field along the wire as a result of the U potential difference. The accelerated electrons are creating a charge density distribution and maintaining the potential change along the wire. This charge distribution also creates a radial electrostatic field around the wire decreasing along the wire. The moving external electrons in this electrostatic field are experiencing a changing electrostatic field causing exactly the magnetic effect, repelling when moving against the direction of the current and attracting when moving in the direction of the current. This way the A magnetic potential is based on the real charge distribution of the electrons caused by their acceleration, maintaining the E electric field and the A magnetic potential at the same time. The mysterious property of the matter that the electric potential difference is self maintained by the accelerating electrons in the electric current gives a clear explanation to the basic sentence of the relativity that is the velocity of the light is the maximum velocity of the electromagnetic matter. If the charge could move faster than the electromagnetic field, this self maintaining electromagnetic property of the electric current would be failed. More importantly the accelerating electrons can explain the magnetic induction also. The changing acceleration of the electrons will create a –E electric field by changing the charge distribution, increasing acceleration lowering the charge density and decreasing acceleration causing an increasing charge density. Since the magnetic induction creates a negative electric field as a result of the changing acceleration, it works as a relativistic changing electromagnetic mass. If the mass is electromagnetic, then the gravitation is also electromagnetic effect. The same charges would attract each other if they are moving parallel by the magnetic effect. Quantum mechanics work lets oil industry know promise of recovery experiments before they start With their current approach, energy companies can extract about 35 percent of the oil in each well. Every 1 percent above that, compounded across thousands of wells, can mean billions of dollars in additional revenue for the companies and supply for consumers. Extra oil can be pushed out of wells by forced water – often inexpensive seawater – but scientists doing experiments in the lab found that sodium in water impedes its ability to push oil out, while other trace elements help. Scientists experiment with various combinations of calcium, magnesium, sulfates and other additives, or "wettability modifiers," in the laboratory first, using the same calcite as is present in the well. The goal is to determine which lead to the most oil recovery from the rock. Vanderbilt University physicist Sokrates Pantelides and postdoctoral fellow in physics Jian Liu developed detailed quantum mechanical simulations on the atomic scale that accurately predict the outcomes of various additive combinations in the water. They found that calcium, magnesium and sulfates settle farther from the calcite surface, rendering it more water-wet by modifying the effective charge on the surface, enhancing oil recovery. Their predictions have been backed by experiments carried out by their collaborators at Khalifa University in Abu Dhabi: Saeed Alhassan, associate professor of chemical engineering and director of the Gas Research Center, and his research associate, Omar Wani. "Now, scientists in the lab will have a procedure by which they can make intelligent decisions on experiments instead of just trying different things," said Pantelides, University Distinguished Professor of Physics and Engineering, William A. & Nancy F. McMinn Professor of Physics, and professor of electrical engineering. "The discoveries also set the stage for future work that can optimize choices for candidate ions." The team's paper, "Wettability alteration and enhanced oil recovery induced by proximal adsorption of Na+ , Cl- , Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO2- 4 ions on calcite," appears today in the journal Physical Review Applied. It builds on Pantelides' previous work on wettability, released earlier this year. His co-investigators in Abu Dhabi said the work will have a significant impact on the oil industry. "We are excited to shed light on combining molecular simulations and experimentation in the field of enhanced oil recovery to allow for more concrete conclusions on the main phenomenon governing the process," Alhassan said. "This work showcases a classic approach in materials science and implements it in the oil and gas industry: the combination of modeling and experiment to provide understanding and solutions to underlying problems." [36] Quantum algorithm could help AI think faster One of the ways that computers think is by analysing relationships within large sets of data. An international team has shown that quantum computers can do one such analysis faster than classical computers for a wider array of data types than was previously expected. The team's proposed quantum linear system algorithm is published in Physical Review Letters. In the future, it could help crunch numbers on problems as varied as commodities pricing, social networks and chemical structures. "The previous quantum algorithm of this kind applied to a very specific type of problem. We need an upgrade if we want to achieve a quantum speed-up for other data," says Zhikuan Zhao, corresponding author on the work. The first quantum linear system algorithm was proposed in 2009 by a different group of researchers. That algorithm kick-started research into quantum forms of machine learning, or artificial intelligence. A linear system algorithm works on a large matrix of data. For example, a trader might be trying to predict the future price of goods. The matrix may capture historical data about price movements over time and data about features that could be influencing these prices, such as currency exchange rates. The algorithm calculates how strongly each feature is correlated with another by 'inverting' the matrix. This information can then be used to extrapolate into the future. "There is a lot of computation involved in analysing the matrix. When it gets beyond say 10,000 by 10,000 entries, it becomes hard for classical computers," explains Zhao. This is because the number of computational steps goes up rapidly with the number of elements in the matrix: every doubling of the matrix size increases the length of the calculation eight-fold. The 2009 algorithm could cope better with bigger matrices, but only if their data is sparse. In these cases, there are limited relationships among the elements, which is often not true of real-world data. Zhao, Prakash and Wossnig present a new algorithm that is faster than both the classical and the previous quantum versions, without restrictions on the kind of data it crunches. As a rough guide, for a 10,000 square matrix, the classical algorithm would take on the order of a trillion computational steps, the first quantum algorithm some tens of thousands of steps and the new quantum algorithm just hundreds of steps. The algorithm relies on a technique known as quantum singular value estimation. There have been a few proof-of-principle demonstrations of the earlier quantum linear system algorithm on small-scale quantum computers. Zhao and his colleagues hope to work with an experimental group to run a proof-of-principle demonstration of their algorithm, too. They also want to do a full analysis of the effort required to implement the algorithm, checking what overhead costs there may be. To show a real quantum advantage over the classical algorithms will need bigger quantum computers. Zhao estimates that "We're maybe looking at three to five years in the future when we can actually use the hardware built by the experimentalists to do meaningful quantum computation with application in artificial intelligence." [35] Cloud based quantum computing used to calculate nuclear binding energy A team of researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has demonstrated that it is possible to use cloud-based quantum computers to conduct quantum simulations and calculations. The team has written a paper describing their efforts and results and uploaded it to the arXiv preprint server. As work progresses toward the development of quantum computers able to tackle some of the most difficult problems in computer science, attention has shifted to the means by which such machines would be used. For example, if researchers build a big, expensive quantum computer able to model how atoms and particles behave under unusual conditions, how would research physicists access and use it? That has led to the idea of cloud quantum computing so that anyone could access and use it from practically anywhere. That idea has been put into practice by two companies investing seriously in a quantum computer-based future. IBM has developed what it calls Q Experience, and Rigetti has developed 19Q. The former has a quantum processor with 16 qubits while the later has 19. In addition to building their computers, both companies have also developed software that makes the systems available on the internet. To test the possibilities of such a platform, the team at Oak Ridge set themselves the task of using a quantum computer to calculate the nuclear binding energy of the deuterium nucleus (how much energy it would take to separate the neutron and proton). The team used both cloud quantum computing systems, which required tweaking software to deal with the differing number of qubits the machines were able to use. The team reports that the cloud responded with a binding energy that was within 2 percent of the actual measure. The researchers report that their efforts prove that cloud-based quantum computing works, and that it will be ready for prime-time when truly powerful machines are developed capable of such tasks as simulating quantum physical systems or revealing reaction mechanisms in complex chemical systems. [34] New quantum repeater paves the way for long-distance big quantum data transmission Physicists have designed a new method for transmitting big quantum data across long distances that requires far fewer resources than previous methods, bringing the implementation of longdistance big quantum data transmission closer to reality. The results may lead to the development of future quantum networks, such as a global-scale quantum internet. The researchers, Michael Zwerger and coauthors at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, have published a paper on the new long-range quantum communication method in a recent issue of Physical Review Letters. "The greatest significance of our work is that we provide an efficient and scalable scheme for longdistance quantum communication," Zwerger told Phys.org. "We believe that this will be an essential ingredient for a future quantum internet, where large amounts of quantum data will be transmitted. Most importantly, in contrast to previous proposals, the required resources (per transmitted qubit) at each repeater station do not scale with the distance, which makes the quantum data transmission more efficient." The new method relies on an alternative type of quantum repeater—a device that generates quantum entanglement at distant locations on a quantum network in order to combat signal loss, somewhat how an amplifier boosts the signal in classical communication networks. The biggest advantage of the new quantum repeater is that it can allow quantum data transmission to be scaled up to longer distances much more easily than with previous quantum repeaters. Typically, as the transmission distance increases, more resources (qubits) are needed at each repeater station. In previous schemes, the number of resources grows polylogarithmically or even polynomially at each repeater station with the distance. Using the new quantum repeater, the number of resources per transmitted qubit remains constant at each repeater station; that is, it is entirely independent of the distance. This allows for quantum data to be transmitted over arbitrarily long distances using a relatively small amount of resources. In its current implementation, the method uses a few hundred qubits at each repeater station, and can reach intercontinental distances. As the physicists explain, the key behind the new quantum repeater is an entanglement distillation protocol called hashing, which generates perfect pairs of entangled qubits. The researchers also used an optimized measurement-based implementation, which greatly reduces unwanted noise. These tools provide a high error tolerance and high transmission rates, allowing for quantum data transmission in realistically noisy scenarios, such as a quantum internet. "Just think of the internet as it has grown over the years, where data transmission has increased dramatically," Zwerger said. "One can envision a quantum internet, where rather than classical data quantum information is transmitted. Indeed, a number of very interesting applications of such quantum data transmission have been discussed, among them quantum cryptography, distributed quantum computing and distributed sensing. Truly secure transmission requires large keys, and hence also large quantum transmission rates. A similar thing can be said about the possibility of distributed quantum computation. In early proof-of-principle experiments, rates and overheads might not be a big deal, but this for sure will become highly relevant once one scales things up. This is where our proposal becomes relevant." In the future, the researchers plan to extend the new quantum repeater devices to work with larger networks. "The present proposal is for point-to-point communication between a sender and a receiver," Zwerger said. "We plan to use similar ideas for multipartite quantum networks with many users. In addition, we are currently investigating novel schemes where we try to apply similar techniques on smaller scales—taking some of the ideas of the hashing protocol and design entanglement purification protocols and communication schemes that use only a few qubits. This might have an impact on a shorter timescale, when first prototype quantum communication systems will be built." [33] Real-world intercontinental quantum communications enabled by the Micius satellite A joint China-Austria team has performed quantum key distribution between the quantum-science satellite Micius and multiple ground stations located in Xinglong (near Beijing), Nanshan (near Urumqi), and Graz (near Vienna). Such experiments demonstrate the secure satellite-to-ground exchange of cryptographic keys during the passage of the satellite Micius over a ground station. Using Micius as a trusted relay, a secret key was created between China and Europe at locations separated up to 7,600 km on the Earth. Private and secure communications are fundamental for Internet use and e-commerce, and it is important to establish a secure network with global protection of data. Traditional public key cryptography usually relies on the computational intractability of certain mathematical functions. In contrast, quantum key distribution (QKD) uses individual light quanta (single photons) in quantum superposition states to guarantee unconditional security between distant parties. Previously, the quantum communication distance has been limited to a few hundred kilometers due to optical channel losses of fibers or terrestrial free space. A promising solution to this problem exploits satellite and space-based links, which can conveniently connect two remote points on the Earth with greatly reduced channel loss, as most of the photons' propagation path is through empty space with negligible loss and decoherence. A cross-disciplinary multi-institutional team of scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, led by Professor Jian-Wei Pan, has spent more than 10 years developing a sophisticated satellite, Micius, dedicated to quantum science experiments, which was launched on August 2016 and orbits at an altitude of ~500 km. Five ground stations in China coordinate with the Micius satellite. These are located in Xinglong (near Beijing), Nanshan (near Urumqi), Delingha (37°22'44.43''N, 97°43'37.01"E), Lijiang (26°41'38.15''N, 100°1'45.55''E), and Ngari in Tibet (32°19'30.07''N, 80°1'34.18''E). Within a year after launch, three key milestones for a global-scale quantum internet were achieved: satellite-to-ground decoy-state QKD with kHz rate over a distance of ~1200 km (Liao et al. 2017, Nature 549, 43); satellite-based entanglement distribution to two locations on the Earth separated by ~1200 km and Bell test (Yin et al. 2017, Science 356, 1140), and ground-to-satellite quantum teleportation (Ren et al. 2017, Nature 549, 70). The effective link efficiencies in the satellite-based QKD were measured to be ~20 orders of magnitude larger than direct transmission through optical fibers at the same length of 1200 km. The three experiments are the first steps toward a global space-based quantum internet. The satellite-based QKD has now been combined with metropolitan quantum networks, in which fibers are used to efficiently and conveniently connect numerous users inside a city over a distance scale of ~100 km. For example, the Xinglong station has now been connected to the metropolitan multi-node quantum network in Beijing via optical fibers. Very recently, the largest fiber-based quantum communication backbone has been built in China, also by Professor Pan's team, linking Beijing to Shanghai (going through Jinan and Hefei, and 32 trustful relays) with a fiber length of 2000 km. The backbone is being tested for real-world applications by government, banks, securities and insurance companies.