.. copy and pasted from "Daily Galaxy".. article written by Lydia Amazous.. just like the wonderful, hilarious winona ryder lydia deetz in "Beetlejuice Two", directed by Tim Burton and the apocalyptically funny Dolores, played wonderously by Monica Bellucci in the same movie "Beetlejuice Two".. and Nude Queen Hippolyta is an Amazous.. Amazous.. an Amazing Spider Man Amazouz Monica Bellucci... and.. is this planet apocalips sean bean darkseid and winona ryder lady styx of omega men and embeth davidtz the brilliantly blue skinned youthful beautiful nun in Omega men and most of all especially especially especially the Angelina Jolie Emerald Queen in Grant Morrison's Seven Soldiers and what about Grant Morrison's Zatanna Mia Goth Anya Taylor Joy Grant Morrison's Zatanna. Non. Heracles. Juggernaut. little savvy artemis.

Sponsored Daily Galaxy 60.3K Followers Ancient exoplanet with molten surface holds on to atmosphere against all odds Story by Lydia Amazouz • 1d • 4 min read Credit: Canva | The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel Credit: Canva | The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel © Daily Galaxy CA A newly discovered exoplanet, TOI-561 b, is shaking up conventional theories about planetary atmospheres. According to a recent study published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, this ultra-hot exoplanet, which resides near its star, has somehow managed to retain a thick atmosphere for billions of years. This intriguing finding opens up new avenues for understanding the life cycles of rocky planets beyond our Solar System. The Ancient Mystery of TOI-561 B: A Planet That Shouldn’t Have an Atmosphere TOI-561 b, a rocky exoplanet located around 1.6 million kilometers from its star, is an anomaly in the study of exoplanetary atmospheres. Its extreme proximity to its host star would typically result in the loss of any surrounding atmosphere due to intense stellar radiation. However, TOI-561 b has somehow managed to keep its atmosphere intact over billions of years, a feat that challenges everything astronomers thought they knew about the dynamics of hot exoplanets. Astronomers had previously assumed that planets orbiting this close to their stars would lose their atmospheres relatively quickly, as the intense heat would strip away any gaseous envelope. Yet TOI-561 b defies these expectations by holding onto a thick, volatile-rich atmosphere. “Based on what we know about other systems, astronomers would have predicted that a planet like this is too small and hot to retain its own atmosphere for long after formation,” says Nicole Wallack, a Carnegie Science astronomer involved in the study. The discovery was made possible through observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which allowed researchers to study the planet’s temperature and atmospheric composition in great detail. These findings offer important insights into how exoplanets evolve and retain their atmospheres under extreme conditions. Escape Velocity Atmosphere 642 Escape Velocity Atmosphere 642 © Daily Galaxy CA The Role of a Magma Ocean in Atmosphere Retention One of the most puzzling aspects of TOI-561 b is the presence of a global magma ocean beneath its thick atmosphere. This molten surface, coupled with the planet’s extreme proximity to its star, should typically lead to a planet losing its atmosphere quickly. However, researchers propose that the magma ocean may play a crucial role in replenishing the planet’s volatile gases, maintaining its atmospheric envelope over time. Related video: Newly Found Force Field May Be Why Earth Survived (Astrum) Current Time 0:00 / Duration 20:35 Astrum Newly Found Force Field May Be Why Earth Survived 0 View on Watch View on Watch The magma ocean on TOI-561 b could be continuously releasing gases from the planet’s interior into the atmosphere, creating a cycle where the gases are replenished faster than they are lost to space. In this scenario, the magma ocean acts as a sink, pulling gases back into the planet, preventing them from escaping completely. This delicate balance between atmospheric loss and replenishment might explain why TOI-561 b has held onto its atmosphere for such an extended period, even under extreme stellar irradiation. By using near-infrared data from JWST, researchers were able to study the planet’s dayside brightness, which provides an estimate of its surface temperature. Without an atmosphere, TOI-561 b should be a scorching 2,700 degrees Celsius (4,900 degrees Fahrenheit). Instead, measurements revealed a temperature closer to 1,800 degrees Celsius, suggesting that the planet’s atmosphere is indeed acting as a protective layer. The Iron Factor: How TOI-561 B’s Composition May Aid in Atmosphere Retention Another factor contributing to TOI-561 b’s ability to retain its atmosphere could be its unique composition. The planet’s iron content may play an unexpected role in trapping volatile chemicals, which could help maintain its atmosphere. Iron, a key element found in the planet’s core, is crucial for binding oxygen and other elements. This could facilitate the retention of volatile compounds, such as water vapor, that are essential for maintaining the planet’s thick atmosphere. The study, published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, suggests that the high iron content of TOI-561 b could trap these volatile chemicals within its magma ocean or core, preventing them from escaping into space. The planet’s relatively low density, which is only about four times that of water, further supports the theory that TOI-561 b has a composition that helps preserve its atmosphere. The researchers speculate that this dense yet volatile-rich composition might have allowed the planet to form and retain an atmosphere in the early stages of the universe when iron levels were lower. Stsci 01k6jtbc5rrhdn6d8fscx7rxvp 768x491 Stsci 01k6jtbc5rrhdn6d8fscx7rxvp 768x491 © Daily Galaxy CA How TOI-561 B Challenges Our Understanding of Ultra-Hot Exoplanets TOI-561 b’s ability to maintain a thick atmosphere challenges many long-held assumptions about ultra-hot exoplanets. Traditionally, planets that orbit their stars at such close distances are expected to be molten and stripped of any atmospheres over time. However, TOI-561 b stands as a testament to the fact that the behavior of exoplanets is far more complex than previously imagined. The research team points out that the planet’s ability to replenish its atmosphere at a rate faster than it loses gases could be a common feature among planets with similar extreme irradiation. “From the sample of rocky planets with dayside brightness temperature constraints, it appears that planets with irradiation temperatures exceeding ∼2000 K are able to replenish volatile envelopes faster than they are lost,” the researchers wrote in their paper. This finding could open up new paths for studying atmospheric retention in other ultra-hot exoplanets. The Unlikely Equilibrium Between Magma and Atmosphere Another fascinating aspect of TOI-561 b is the proposed equilibrium between its magma ocean and atmosphere. The researchers speculate that the planet’s magma ocean may be constantly releasing gases, which helps to sustain its atmosphere despite the extreme conditions. This theory suggests that the planet’s atmosphere is not static, but rather a dynamic system that is continuously replenished from below the surface. The balance between the atmosphere and the surface magma could explain why TOI-561 b has been able to maintain a thick atmosphere for such an extended period. Without this balance, the planet might have already become a barren, molten rock, stripped of any gaseous envelope. Instead, the magma ocean and atmosphere are working in tandem, allowing the planet to retain its atmosphere and stay cooler than expected. Enjoyed this article? Subscribe to our free newsletter for engaging stories, exclusive content, and the latest news. Sponsored Daily Galaxy Visit Daily Galaxy A video captures the Florida skunk ape, but what’s really behind it? Astronomers capture first triple supermassive black hole system in action Scientists found ancient wolf remains in a mysterious cave Sponsored S